## CryptoDB

### Xiaoyun Wang

#### Publications

Year
Venue
Title
2019
TOSC
The conditional cube attack on round-reduced Keccak keyed modes was proposed by Huang et al. at EUROCRYPT 2017. In their attack, a conditional cube variable was introduced, whose diffusion was significantly reduced by certain key bit conditions. The attack requires a set of cube variables which are not multiplied in the first round while the conditional cube variable is not multiplied with other cube variables (called ordinary cube variables) in the first two rounds. This has an impact on the degree of the output of Keccak and hence gives a distinguisher. Later, the MILP method was applied to find ordinary cube variables. However, for some Keccak based versions with few degrees of freedom, one could not find enough ordinary cube variables, which weakens or even invalidates the conditional cube attack.In this paper, a new conditional cube attack on Keccak is proposed. We remove the limitation that no cube variables multiply with each other in the first round. As a result, some quadratic terms may appear in the first round. We make use of some new bit conditions to prevent the quadratic terms from multiplying with other cube variables in the second round, so that there will be no cubic terms in the first two rounds. Furthermore, we introduce the kernel quadratic term and construct a 6-2-2 pattern to reduce the diffusion of quadratic terms significantly, where the Θ operation even in the second round becomes an identity transformation (CP-kernel property) for the kernel quadratic term. Previous conditional cube attacks on Keccak only explored the CP-kernel property of Θ operation in the first round. Therefore, more degrees of freedom are available for ordinary cube variables and fewer bit conditions are used to remove the cubic terms in the second round, which plays a key role in the conditional cube attack on versions with very few degrees of freedom. We also use the MILP method in the search of cube variables and give key-recovery attacks on round-reduced Keccak keyed modes.As a result, we reduce the time complexity of key-recovery attacks on 7-round Keccak-MAC-512 and 7-round Ketje Sr v2 from 2111, 299 to 272, 277, respectively. Additionally, we have reduced the time complexity of attacks on 9-round KMAC256 and 7-round Ketje Sr v1. Besides, practical attacks on 6-round Ketje Sr v1 and v2 are also given in this paper for the first time.
2018
CRYPTO
In this paper, we propose a key-recovery attack on Trivium reduced to 855 rounds. As the output is a complex Boolean polynomial over secret key and IV bits and it is hard to find the solution of the secret keys, we propose a novel nullification technique of the Boolean polynomial to reduce the output Boolean polynomial of 855-round Trivium. Then we determine the degree upper bound of the reduced nonlinear boolean polynomial and detect the right keys. These techniques can be applicable to most stream ciphers based on nonlinear feedback shift registers (NFSR). Our attack on 855-round Trivium costs time complexity $2^{77}$. As far as we know, this is the best key-recovery attack on round-reduced Trivium. To verify our attack, we also give some experimental data on 721-round reduced Trivium.
2017
EUROCRYPT
2017
TOSC
This paper evaluates the secure level of authenticated encryption Ascon against cube-like method. Ascon submitted by Dobraunig et al. is one of 16 survivors of the 3rd round CAESAR competition. The cube-like method is first used by Dinur et al. to analyze Keccak keyed modes. At CT-RSA 2015, Dobraunig et al. applied this method to 5/6-round reduced Ascon, whose structure is similar to Keccak keyed modes. However, for Ascon the non-linear layer is more complex and state is much smaller, which make it hard for the attackers to select enough cube variables that do not multiply with each other after the first round. This seems to be the reason why the best previous key-recovery attack is on 6-round Ascon, while for Keccak keyed modes (Keccak-MAC and Keyak) the attacked round is no less than 7-round. In this paper, we generalize the conditional cube attack proposed by Huang et al., and find new cubes depending on some key bit conditions for 5/6-round reduced Ascon, and translate the previous theoretic 6-round attack with 266 time complexity to a practical one with 240 time complexity. Moreover, we propose the first 7-round key-recovery attack on Ascon. By introducing the cube-like key-subset technique, we divide the full key space into many subsets according to different key conditions. For each key subset, we launch the cube tester to determine if the key falls into it. Finally, we recover the full key space by testing all the key subsets. The total time complexity is about 2103.9. In addition, for a weak-key subset, whose size is 2117, the attack is more efficient and costs only 277 time complexity. Those attacks do not threaten the full round (12 rounds) Ascon.
2017
PKC
2017
ASIACRYPT
2017
TOSC
This paper studies the Keccak-based authenticated encryption (AE) scheme Ketje Sr against cube-like attacks. Ketje is one of the remaining 16 candidates of third round CAESAR competition, whose primary recommendation is Ketje Sr. Although the cube-like method has been successfully applied to Ketje’s sister ciphers, including Keccak-MAC and Keyak – another Keccak-based AE scheme, similar attacks are missing for Ketje. For Ketje Sr, the state (400-bit) is much smaller than Keccak-MAC and Keyak (1600-bit), thus the 128-bit key and cubes with the same dimension would occupy more lanes in Ketje Sr. Hence, the number of key bits independent of the cube sum is very small, which makes the divide-and-conquer method (it has been applied to 7-round attack on Keccak-MAC by Dinur et al.) can not be translated to Ketje Sr trivially. This property seems to be the barrier for the translation of the previous cube-like attacks to Ketje Sr. In this paper, we evaluate Ketje Sr against the divide-and-conquer method. Firstly, by applying the linear structure technique, we find some 32/64-dimension cubes of Ketje Sr that do not multiply with each other as well as some bits of the key in the first round. In addition, we introduce the new dynamic variable instead of the auxiliary variable (it was used in Dinur et al.’s divide-and-conquer attack to reduce the diffusion of the key) to reduce the diffusion of the key as well as the cube variables. Finally, we successfully launch a 6/7-round1 key recovery attack on Ketje Sr v1 and v2 (v2 is presented for the 3rd round CAESAR competition.). In 7-round attack, the complexity of online phase for Ketje Sr v1 is 2113, while for Ketje Sr v2, it is 297 (the preprocessing complexity is the same). We claim 7-round reduced Ketje Sr v2 is weaker than v1 against our attacks. In addition, some results on other Ketje instances and Ketje Sr with smaller nonce are given. Those are the first results on Ketje and bridge the gaps of cryptanalysis between its sister ciphers – Keyak and the Keccak keyed modes.
2016
FSE
2016
TOSC
Since Knudsen and Rijmen proposed the known-key attacks in ASIACRYPT 2007, the open-key model becomes more and more popular. As the other component of the open-key model, chosen-key model was applied to the full attacks on AES-256 by Biryukov et al. in CRYPTO 2009. In this paper, we explore how practically the chosen-key model affect the real-world cryptography and show that 11-round generic Feistel-SP block cipher is no longer safe in its hashing modes (MMO and MP mode) as there exist collision attacks. This work improves Sasaki and Yasuda’s collision attacks by 2 rounds with two interesting techniques. First, we for the first time use the available degrees of freedom in the key to reduce the complexity of the inbound phase, which extends the previous 5-round inbound differential to a 7-round one. This results in a 12-round chosen-key distinguisher of Feistel-SP block cipher. Second, inspired by the idea of Wang et al., we construct collisions using two blocks. The rebound attack is used in the second compression function. We carefully balance the freedom of the first block and the complexity of the rebound attack, and extend the chosen-key attack to a 11-round collision attack on its hashing modes (MMO and MP mode).
2015
EPRINT
2015
EPRINT
2015
EPRINT
2015
EPRINT
2015
FSE
2014
EPRINT
2014
EPRINT
2014
EPRINT
2014
FSE
2013
FSE
2012
FSE
2010
EPRINT
In this paper, we consider the Frobenius endomorphism on twisted Edwards curve and give the characteristic polynomial of the map. Applying the Frobenius endomorphism on twisted Edwards curve, we construct a skew-Frobenius map defined on the quadratic twist of an twisted Edwards curve. Our results show that the Frobenius endomorphism on twisted Edwards curve and the skew-Frobenius endomorphism on quadratic twist of an twisted Edwards curve can be exploited to devise fast point multiplication algorithm that do not use any point doubling. As an application, the GLV method can be used for speeding up point multiplication on twisted Edwards curve.
2010
EPRINT
SIMD is one of the second round candidates of the SHA-3 competition hosted by NIST. In this paper, we present some results on the compression function of SIMD 1.1 (the tweaked version) using the modular difference method. For SIMD-256, We give a free-start near collision attack on the compression function reduced to 20 steps with complexity $2^{-107}$. And for SIMD-512, we give a free-start near collision attack on the 24-step compression function with complexity $2^{208}$. Furthermore, we give a distinguisher attack on the full compression function of SIMD-512 with complexity $2^{398}$. Our attacks are also applicable for the final compression function of SIMD.
2010
EPRINT
Modular Multiplication based Block Cipher (MMB) is a block cipher designed by Daemen \emph{et al.} as an alternative to the IDEA block cipher. In this paper, we give a practical-time attack on the full MMB with adaptive chosen plaintexts and ciphertexts. By the constructive sandwich distinguisher for 5 of the 6 rounds of MMB with amazingly high probability 1, we give the key recovery attack on the full MMB with data complexity $2^{40}$ and time complexity $2^{13.4}$ MMB encryptions. Then a rectangle-like sandwich attack on the full MMB is presented, with $2^{66.5}$ chosen plaintexts, $2^{64}$ MMB encryptions and $2^{70.5}$ memory bytes. By the way, we show an improved differential attack on the full MMB with data complexity of $2^{96}$ chosen plaintexts and ciphertexts, time complexity $2^{64}$ encryptions and $2^{66}$ bytes of memory.
2010
FSE
2009
EPRINT
In this paper, the impossible differential cryptanalysis is extended to MAC algorithms \textsc{Pelican}, MT-MAC and PC-MAC based on AES and 4-round AES. First, we collect message pairs that produce the inner near-collision with some specific differences by the birthday attack. Then the impossible differential attack on 4-round AES is implemented using a 3-round impossible differential property. For \textsc{Pelican}, our attack can recover the internal state, which is an equivalent subkey. For MT-MAC-AES, the attack turns out to be a subkey recovery attack directly. The data complexity of the two attacks is $2^{85.5}$ chosen messages, and the time complexity is about $2^{85.5}$ queries. For PC-MAC-AES, we can recover the 256-bit key with $2^{85.5}$ chosen messages and $2^{128}$ queries.
2009
EUROCRYPT
2009
CRYPTO
2009
FSE
2008
EPRINT
In this paper, we first present a new distinguisher on the CBC-MAC based on a block cipher in Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode. It can also be used to distinguish other CBC-like MACs from random functions. The main results of this paper are on the second-preimage attack on CBC-MAC and CBC-like MACs include TMAC, OMAC, CMAC, PC-MAC and MACs based on three-key encipher CBC mode. Instead of exhaustive search, this attack can be performed with the birthday attack complexity.
2008
EPRINT
In this paper, we present new distinguishers of the MAC construction \textsc{Alred} and its specific instance \textsc{Alpha}-MAC based on AES, which is proposed by Daemen and Rijmen in 2005. For the \textsc{Alred} construction, we describe a general distinguishing attack which leads to a forgery attack directly. The complexity is $2^{64.5}$ chosen messages and $2^{64.5}$ queries with success probability 0.63. We also use a two-round collision differential path for \textsc{Alpha}-MAC, to construct a new distinguisher with about $2^{65.5}$ queries. The most important is that the new distinguisher can be used to recover the internal state, which is an equivalent secret subkey, and leads to a second preimage attack. Moreover, the distinguisher on \textsc{Alred} construction is also applicable to the MACs based on CBC and CFB encryption mode.
2007
EPRINT
In this paper, we present a new type of MultiCollision attack on the compression functions both of MD4 and 3-Pass HAVAL. For MD4, we utilize two feasible different collision differential paths to find a 4-collision with 2^{19} MD4 computations. For 3-Pass HAVAL, we present three near-collision differential paths to find a 8 NearCollision with 2^{9} HAVAL computations.
2007
EPRINT
This paper presents an improved impossible differential attack on the new block cipher CLEFIA which is proposed by Sony Corporation at FSE 2007. Combining some observations with new tricks, we can filter out the wrong keys more efficiently, and improve the impossible differential attack on 11-round CLEFIA-192/256, which also firstly works for CLEFIA-128. The complexity is about $2^{98.1}$ encryptions and $2^{103.1}$ chosen plaintexts. By putting more constraint conditions on plaintext pairs, we give the first attack on 12-round CLEFIA for all three key lengths with $2^{114.3}$ encryptions and $2^{119.3}$ chosen plaintexts. For CLEFIA-192/256, our attack is applicable to 13-round variant, of which the time complexity is about $2^{181}$, and the data complexity is $2^{120}$. We also extend our attack to 14-round CLEFIA-256, with about $2^{245.4}$ encryptions and $2^{120.4}$ chosen plaintexts. Moreover, a birthday sieve method is introduced to decrease the complexity of the core precomputation.
2006
FSE
2006
EPRINT
In this paper, we prove the probability advantages of two linear expressions which are summarized from the ABC stream cipher submitted to ECRPYT Estream Project. Two linear expressions with probability advantages reflect the linear correlations among Modular Addition equations. Corresponding to each linear expression and its advantage, a large amount of weak keys are derived under which all the ABC main keys can be retrieved successively. The first linear expression is a generic bit linear correlation between two Modular Addition equations. The second is a linear correlation of bit carries derived from three Modular Addition equations and the linear equation of LFSR in ABC. It is remarked that the second is found by Wu and Preneel, and has been used to find $2^{96}$ weak keys. In the cryptanalysis of ABC, Wu and Preneel only utilized its estimated probability advantage which is concluded by experimental data, and they did not give its strict proof. Modular Addition and XOR operations are widely used in designing symmetric ciphers. We believe that these types of linear expressions with probability advantages not only can be used to analyze some other symmetric ciphers, but also are important criteria in designing secure symmetric ciphers.
2005
CRYPTO
2005
CRYPTO
2005
EUROCRYPT
2005
EUROCRYPT
2005
EPRINT
We announce the construction of a pair of valid X.509 certificates with identical signatures.
2004
EPRINT
In 1988, Harn, Laih and Huang proposed a password authentication scheme based on quadratic residues. However, in 1995, Chang, Wu and Laih pointed out that if the parameters d b a , , and l are known by the intruder, this scheme can be broken. In this paper, we presented another attack on the Harn-Laih-Huang scheme. In our attack, it doesn’t need to know the parameters and it is more efficient than the Chang-Wu-Laih attack.
2004
EPRINT
2000
PKC

Crypto 2019
Asiacrypt 2013
Crypto 2013
Eurocrypt 2012
Asiacrypt 2012
Asiacrypt 2011
PKC 2007
Eurocrypt 2007
Asiacrypt 2005