CryptoDB
Mélissa Rossi
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Publications
Year
Venue
Title
2024
CIC
A provably masked implementation of BIKE Key Encapsulation Mechanism
Abstract
<p>BIKE is a post-quantum key encapsulation mechanism (KEM) selected for the 4th round of the NIST's standardization campaign. It relies on the hardness of the syndrome decoding problem for quasi-cyclic codes and on the indistinguishability of the public key from a random element, and provides the most competitive performance among round 4 candidates, which makes it relevant for future real-world use cases. Analyzing its side-channel resistance has been highly encouraged by the community and several works have already outlined various side-channel weaknesses and proposed ad-hoc countermeasures. However, in contrast to the well-documented research line on masking lattice-based algorithms, the possibility of generically protecting code-based algorithms by masking has only been marginally studied in a 2016 paper by Chen et al. in SAC 2015. At this stage of the standardization campaign, it is important to assess the possibility of fully masking BIKE scheme and the resulting cost in terms of performances.</p><p>In this work, we provide the first high-order masked implementation of a code-based algorithm. We had to tackle many issues such as finding proper ways to handle large sparse polynomials, masking the key-generation algorithm or keeping the benefit of the bitslicing. In this paper, we present all the gadgets necessary to provide a fully masked implementation of BIKE, we discuss our different implementation choices and we propose a full proof of masking in the Ishai Sahai and Wagner (Crypto 2003) model.</p><p>More practically, we also provide an open C-code masked implementation of the key-generation, encapsulation and decapsulation algorithms with extensive benchmarks. While the obtained performance is slower than existing masked lattice-based algorithms, we show that masking at order 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 implies a performance penalty of x5.8, x14.2, x24.4, x38 and x55.6 compared to order 0 (unmasked and unoptimized BIKE). This scaling is encouraging and no Boolean to Arithmetic conversion has been used.</p>
2024
CRYPTO
Raccoon: A Masking-Friendly Signature Proven in the Probing Model
Abstract
This paper present Raccoon, a lattice-based signature scheme submitted to the NIST 2022 call for additional post-quantum signatures. Raccoon has the specificity of always being masked. Concretely, all sensitive intermediate values are shared into $d$ parts. The main design rationale of Raccoon is to be easy to mask at high orders, and this dictated most of its design choices, such as the introduction of new algorithmic techniques for sampling small errors. As a result, Raccoon achieves a masking overhead $O(d \log d)$ that compares favorably with the overheads $O(d^2 \log q)$ observed when masking standard lattice signatures.
In addition, we formally prove the security of Raccoon in the $t$-probing model: an attacker is able to probe $t <d-1$ shares during each execution of the main algorithms (key generation, signing, verification). While for most cryptographic schemes, the black-box security $t$-probing security can be studied in isolation, in Raccoon this analysis is performed jointly.
To that end, a bridge must be made between the black-box game-based EUF-CMA proof and the usual simulation proofs of the ISW model (CRYPTO 2003). In this paper, we formalize an end-to-end masking proof by deploying the probing EUF-CMA introduced by Barthe et al. (Eurocrypt 2018) and exhibiting the simulators of the non-interference properties (Barthe et al. CCS 2016). More precisely, the proof is divided into three novel parts:
- a simulation proof in the ISW model that allows to propagate the dependancy to a restricted number of inputs and random coins,
- a game-based proof showing that the security of Raccoon with probes can be reduced to an instance of Raccoon with smaller parameters,
- a parameter study to ensure that the smaller instance is secure, using a robust generalization of the Rényi divergence.
While we apply our techniques to Raccoon, we expect that the algorithmic and proof techniques we introduce will be helpful for the design and analysis of future masking-friendly schemes.
2023
CRYPTO
Constant Input Attribute Based (and Predicate) Encryption from Evasive and Tensor LWE
Abstract
Constructing advanced cryptographic primitives such as obfuscation or broadcast encryption from standard hardness assumptions in the post quantum regime is an important area of research, which has met with limited success despite significant effort. It is therefore extremely important to find new, simple to state assumptions in this regime which can be used to fill this gap. An important step was taken recently by Wee (Eurocrypt '22) who identified two new assumptions from lattices, namely evasive LWE and tensor LWE, and used these to construct broadcast encryption and ciphertext policy attribute based encryption for P with optimal parameters. Independently, Tsabary formulated a similar assumption and used it to construct witness encryption (Crypto '22). Following Wee's work, Vaikuntanathan, Wee and Wichs independently provided a construction of witness encryption (Asiacrypt '22).
In this work, we advance this line of research by providing the first construction of multi-input attribute based encryption (miABE) for the function class NC_1 for any constant arity from evasive LWE. Our construction can be extended to support the function class P} by using evasive and a suitable strengthening of tensor LWE. In more detail, our construction supports k encryptors, for any constant k, where each encryptor uses the master secret key msk to encode its input (x_i, m_i), the key generator computes a key sk_f for a function f \in NC_1 and the decryptor can recover (m_1,...,m_k) if and only if f(x_1,...,x_k)=1. The only known construction for miABE for NC_1 by Agrawal, Yadav and Yamada (Crypto '22) supports arity 2 and relies on pairings in the generic group model (or with a non-standard knowledge assumption) in addition to LWE. Furthermore, it is completely unclear how to go beyond arity 2 using this approach due to the reliance on pairings.
Using a compiler from Agrawal, Yadav and Yamada (Crypto '22), our miABE can be upgraded to multi-input predicate encryption for the same arity and function class. Thus, we obtain the first constructions for constant-arity predicate and attribute based encryption for a generalized class such as NC_1 or P from simple assumptions that may be conjectured post-quantum secure. Along the way, we show that the tensor LWE assumption can be reduced to standard LWE in an important special case which was not known before. This adds confidence to the plausibility of the assumption and may be of wider interest.
2023
JOFC
Masking the GLP Lattice-Based Signature Scheme at Any Order
Abstract
Recently, numerous physical attacks have been demonstrated against lattice-based schemes, often exploiting their unique properties such as the reliance on Gaussian distributions, rejection sampling and FFT-based polynomial multiplication. As the call for concrete implementations and deployment of postquantum cryptography becomes more pressing, protecting against those attacks is an important problem. However, few countermeasures have been proposed so far. In particular, masking has been applied to the decryption procedure of some lattice-based encryption schemes, but the much more difficult case of signatures (which are highly nonlinear and typically involve randomness) has not been considered until now. In this paper, we describe the first masked implementation of a lattice-based signature scheme. Since masking Gaussian sampling and other procedures involving contrived probability distributions would be prohibitively inefficient, we focus on the GLP scheme of Güneysu, Lyubashevsky and Pöppelmann (CHES 2012). We show how to provably mask it in the Ishai–Sahai–Wagner model (CRYPTO 2003) at any order in a relatively efficient manner, using extensions of the techniques of Coron et al. for converting between arithmetic and Boolean masking. Our proof relies on a mild generalization of probing security that supports the notion of public outputs. We also provide a proof-of-concept implementation to assess the efficiency of the proposed countermeasure.
2022
EUROCRYPT
Mitaka: A Simpler, Parallelizable, Maskable Variant of Falcon
📺
Abstract
This work describes the Mitaka signature scheme: a new hash-and-sign
signature scheme over NTRU lattices which can be seen as a variant of
NIST finalist Falcon. It achieves comparable efficiency but is
considerably simpler, online/offline, and easier to parallelize and
protect against side-channels, thus offering significant advantages from
an implementation standpoint. It is also much more versatile in terms of
parameter selection.
We obtain this signature scheme by replacing the FFO lattice Gaussian
sampler in Falcon by the “hybrid” sampler of Ducas and Prest, for
which we carry out a detailed and corrected security analysis. In
principle, such a change can result in a substantial security loss, but
we show that this loss can be largely mitigated using new techniques in
key generation that allow us to construct much higher quality lattice
trapdoors for the hybrid sampler relatively cheaply. This new approach
can also be instantiated on a wide variety of base fields, in contrast
with Falcon's restriction to power-of-two cyclotomics.
We also introduce a new lattice Gaussian sampler with the same quality
and efficiency, but which is moreover compatible with the integral matrix
Gram root technique of Ducas et al., allowing us to avoid floating point
arithmetic. This makes it possible to realize the same signature
scheme as Mitaka efficiently on platforms with poor support for
floating point numbers.
Finally, we describe a provably secure masking of Mitaka. More precisely,
we introduce novel gadgets that allow provable masking at any order at much
lower cost than previous masking techniques for Gaussian sampling-based
signature schemes, for cheap and dependable side-channel protection.
2022
TCHES
The Hidden Parallelepiped Is Back Again: Power Analysis Attacks on Falcon
Abstract
FALCON is a very efficient and compact lattice-based signature finalist of the NIST’s Post-Quantum standardization campaign. This work assesses Falcon’s sidechannel resistance by analyzing two vulnerabilities, namely the pre-image computation and the trapdoor sampling. The first attack is an improvement of Karabulut and Aysu (DAC 2021). It overcomes several difficulties inherent to the structure of the stored key like the Fourier representation and directly recovers the key with a limited number of traces and a reduced complexity. The main part of this paper is dedicated to our second attack: we show that a simple power analysis during the signature execution could provide the exact value of the output of a subroutine called the base sampler. This intermediate value does not directly lead to the secret and we had toadapt the so-called hidden parallelepiped attack initially introduced by Nguyen and Regev in Eurocrypt 2006 and reused by Ducas and Nguyen in Asiacrypt 2012. We extensively quantify the resources for our attacks and experimentally demonstrate them with FALCON’s reference implementation on the ELMO simulator (McCann, Oswald and Whitnall USENIX 2017) and on a ChipWhisperer Lite with STM32F3 target (ARM Cortex M4).These new attacks highlight the need for side-channel protection for one of the three finalists of NIST’s standardization campaign by pointing out the vulnerable parts and quantifying the resources of the attacks.
2020
EUROCRYPT
(One) failure is not an option: Bootstrapping the search for failures in lattice-based encryption schemes
📺
Abstract
Lattice-based encryption schemes are often subject to the possibility of decryption failures, in which valid encryptions are decrypted incorrectly. Such failures, in large number, leak information about the secret key, enabling an attack strategy alternative to pure lattice reduction. Extending the "failure boosting" technique of D'Anvers et al. in PKC 2019, we propose an approach that we call "directional failure boosting" that uses previously found "failing ciphertexts" to accelerate the search for new ones. We analyse in detail the case where the lattice is defined over polynomial ring modules quotiented by <X^N + 1> and demonstrate it on a simple Mod-LWE-based scheme parametrized à la Kyber768/Saber. We show that, using our technique, for a given secret key (single-target setting), the cost of searching for additional failing ciphertexts after one or more have already been found, can be sped up dramatically. We thus demonstrate that, in this single-target model, these schemes should be designed so that it is hard to even obtain one decryption failure. Besides, in a wider security model where there are many target secret keys (multi-target setting), our attack greatly improves over the state of the art.
2020
CRYPTO
LWE with Side Information: Attacks and Concrete Security Estimation
📺
Abstract
We propose a framework for cryptanalysis of lattice-based schemes, when side information --in the form of "hints''-- about the secret and/or error is available. Our framework generalizes the so-called primal lattice reduction attack, and allows the progressive integration of hints before running a final lattice reduction step. Our techniques for integrating hints include sparsifying the lattice, projecting onto and intersecting with hyperplanes, and/or altering the distribution of the secret vector. Our main contribution is to propose a toolbox and a methodology to integrate such hints into lattice reduction attacks and to predict the performance of those lattice attacks with side information.
While initially designed for side-channel information, our framework can also be used in other cases: exploiting decryption failures, or simply exploiting constraints imposed by certain schemes (LAC, Round5, NTRU), that were previously not known to (slightly) benefit from lattice attacks.
We implement a Sage 9.0 toolkit to actually mount such attacks with hints when computationally feasible, and to predict their performances on larger instances. We provide several end-to-end application examples, such as an improvement of a single trace attack on Frodo by Bos et al (SAC 2018). Contrary to ad-hoc practical attacks exploiting side-channel leakage, our work is a generic way to estimate security loss even given very little side-channel information.
2018
ASIACRYPT
On the Concrete Security of Goldreich’s Pseudorandom Generator
Abstract
Local pseudorandom generators allow to expand a short random string into a long pseudo-random string, such that each output bit depends on a constant number d of input bits. Due to its extreme efficiency features, this intriguing primitive enjoys a wide variety of applications in cryptography and complexity. In the polynomial regime, where the seed is of size n and the output of size
$$n^{\textsf {s}}$$
for
$$\textsf {s}> 1$$
, the only known solution, commonly known as Goldreich’s PRG, proceeds by applying a simple d-ary predicate to public random size-d subsets of the bits of the seed.While the security of Goldreich’s PRG has been thoroughly investigated, with a variety of results deriving provable security guarantees against class of attacks in some parameter regimes and necessary criteria to be satisfied by the underlying predicate, little is known about its concrete security and efficiency. Motivated by its numerous theoretical applications and the hope of getting practical instantiations for some of them, we initiate a study of the concrete security of Goldreich’s PRG, and evaluate its resistance to cryptanalytic attacks. Along the way, we develop a new guess-and-determine-style attack, and identify new criteria which refine existing criteria and capture the security guarantees of candidate local PRGs in a more fine-grained way.
2017
CHES
A Side-Channel Assisted Cryptanalytic Attack Against QcBits
Abstract
QcBits is a code-based public key algorithm based on a problem thought to be resistant to quantum computer attacks. It is a constant-time implementation for a quasi-cyclic moderate density parity check (QC-MDPC) Niederreiter encryption scheme, and has excellent performance and small key sizes. In this paper, we present a key recovery attack against QcBits. We first used differential power analysis (DPA) against the syndrome computation of the decoding algorithm to recover partial information about one half of the private key. We then used the recovered information to set up a system of noisy binary linear equations. Solving this system of equations gave us the entire key. Finally, we propose a simple but effective countermeasure against the power analysis used during the syndrome calculation.
Program Committees
- Crypto 2023
- CHES 2022
- PKC 2021
Coauthors
- Shweta Agrawal (1)
- Gilles Barthe (2)
- Sonia Belaïd (2)
- Geoffroy Couteau (1)
- Jan-Pieter D’Anvers (1)
- Dana Dachman-Soled (1)
- Léo Ducas (1)
- Aurélien Dupin (1)
- Thomas Espitau (3)
- Pierre-Alain Fouque (3)
- François Gérard (1)
- Huijing Gong (1)
- Benjamin Grégoire (2)
- Morgane Guerreau (1)
- Mike Hamburg (1)
- Michael Hutter (1)
- Shuichi Katsumata (1)
- Loïc Demange (1)
- Mark E. Marson (1)
- Ange Martinelli (1)
- Pierrick Méaux (1)
- Rafael del Pino (1)
- Thomas Prest (1)
- Thomas Ricosset (1)
- Mélissa Rossi (11)
- Yann Rotella (1)
- Akira Takahashi (1)
- Mehdi Tibouchi (3)
- Fernando Virdia (1)
- Alexandre Wallet (1)
- Anshu Yadav (1)
- Shota Yamada (1)
- Yang Yu (1)