CryptoDB
Jonas Nick
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Publications
Year
Venue
Title
2024
EUROCRYPT
Bulletproofs++: Next Generation Confidential Transactions via Reciprocal Set Membership Arguments
Abstract
Zero-knowledge proofs are a cryptographic cornerstone of privacy-preserving technologies such as “Confidential Transactions” (CT), which aims at hiding monetary amounts in cryptocurrency transactions. Due to its asymptotically logarithmic proof size and transparent setup, most state-of-the-art CT protocols use the Bulletproofs (BP) zero-knowledge proof system for set membership proofs such as range proofs. However, even taking into account recent efficiency improvements, BP comes with a serious overhead in terms of concrete proof size as well as verifier running time and thus puts a large burden on practical deployments of CT and its extensions.
In this work, we introduce Bulletproofs++ (BP++), a drop-in replacement for BP that improves its concrete efficiency and compactness significantly. As for BP, the security of BP++ relies only on the hardness of the discrete logarithm problem in the random oracle model, and BP++ retains all features of Bulletproofs including transparent setup and support for proof aggregation, multi-party proving and batch verification. Asymptotically, BP++ range proofs require only O(n/ log n) group scalar multiplications compared to O(n) for BP and BP+.
At the heart of our construction are novel techniques for permutation and set membership, enabling highly efficient proofs of statements encoded as arithmetic circuits. Concretely, a single BP++ range proof to establish that a committed value is in a 64-bit range (as commonly required by CT) is just 416 bytes over a 256-bit elliptic curve, 38% smaller than an equivalent BP and 27% smaller than BP+. When instantiated on the secp256k1 curve as used in Bitcoin, our benchmarks show that proving is about 5 times faster than BP and verification is about 3 times faster than BP+. When aggregating 32 range proofs, proving and verification are about 9.5 times and 5.5 times faster, respectively.
2021
CRYPTO
MuSig2: Simple Two-Round Schnorr Multi-Signatures
📺
Abstract
Multi-signatures enable a group of signers to produce a joint signature on a joint message. Recently, Drijvers et al. (S\&P'19) showed that all thus far proposed two-round multi-signature schemes in the pure DL setting (without pairings) are insecure under concurrent signing sessions. While Drijvers et al. proposed a secure two-round scheme, this efficiency in terms of rounds comes with the price of having signatures that are more than twice as large as Schnorr signatures, which are becoming popular in cryptographic systems due to their practicality (e.g., they will likely be adopted in Bitcoin). If one needs a multi-signature scheme that can be used as a drop-in replacement for Schnorr signatures, then one is forced to resort either to a three-round scheme or to sequential signing sessions, both of which are undesirable options in practice.
In this work, we propose MuSig2, a simple and highly practical two-round multi-signature scheme. This is the first scheme that simultaneously i) is secure under concurrent signing sessions, ii) supports key aggregation, iii) outputs ordinary Schnorr signatures, iv) needs only two communication rounds, and v) has similar signer complexity as ordinary Schnorr signatures. Furthermore, it is the first multi-signature scheme in the pure DL setting that supports preprocessing of all but one rounds, effectively enabling a non-interactive signing process without forgoing security under concurrent sessions. We prove the security of MuSig2 in the random oracle model, and the security of a more efficient variant in the combination of the random oracle and the algebraic group model. Both our proofs rely on a weaker variant of the OMDL assumption.
Coauthors
- Liam Eagen (1)
- Sanket Kanjalkar (1)
- Jonas Nick (2)
- Tim Ruffing (2)
- Yannick Seurin (1)