International Association
for Cryptologic Research

We introduce a new, concretely efficient, transparent polynomial commitment scheme with logarithmic verification time and communication cost that can run on any group. Existing group-based polynomial commitment schemes must use less efficient groups, such as class groups of unknown order or pairing-based groups to achieve transparency (no trusted setup), making them expensive to adopt in practice. 

We offer the first group-based polynomial commitment scheme that can run on any group s.t. it does not rely on expensive pairing operations or require class groups of unknown order to achieve transparency while still providing logarithmic verifier time and communication cost. 

The prover work of our work is dominated by $4n \,\mathbb{G}$ multi-exponentiations, the verifier work is dominated by 4 log $n \, \mathbb{G}$ exponentiations, and the communication cost is 4 log $n \, \mathbb{G}$. Since our protocol can run on fast groups such as Curve25519, we can easily accelerate the multi-exponentiations with Pippenger's algorithm. The concrete performance of our work shows a significant improvement over the current state of the art in almost every aspect.

We present a novel protocol for issuing and transferring tokens across blockchains without the need of a trusted third party or cross-chain bridge. In our scheme, the blockchain is used for double-spend protection only, while the authorisation of token transfers is performed off-chain. Due to the universality of our approach, it works in almost all blockchain settings. It can be implemented immediately on UTXO blockchains such as Bitcoin without modification, and on account-based blockchains such as Ethereum by introducing a smart contract that mimics the properties of a UTXO. We provide a proof-of-concept implementation of an NFT that is issued on Bitcoin, transferred to Ethereum, and then transferred back to Bitcoin. Our new approach means that users no longer need to be locked into one blockchain when issuing and transferring tokens.

As quantum computing progresses, extensive research has been conducted to find quantum advantages in the field of cryptography. Combining quantum algorithms with classical cryptographic analysis methods, such as differential cryptanalysis and linear cryptanalysis, has the potential to reduce complexity.

In this paper, we present a quantum differential finding circuit for differential cryptanalysis. In our quantum circuit, both plaintext and input difference are in a superposition state. Actually, while our method cannot achieve a direct speedup with quantum computing, it offers a different perspective by relying on quantum probability in a superposition state.

For the quantum simulation, given the limited number of qubits, we simulate our quantum circuit by implementing the Toy-ASCON quantum circuit.

We study the complexity of the Code Equivalence Problem on linear error-correcting codes by relating its variants to isomorphism problems on other discrete structures---graphs, lattices, and matroids. Our main results are a fine-grained reduction from the Graph Isomorphism Problem to the Linear Code Equivalence Problem over any field $\mathbb{F}$, and a reduction from the Linear Code Equivalence Problem over any field $\mathbb{F}_p$ of prime, polynomially bounded order $p$ to the Lattice Isomorphism Problem. Both of these reductions are simple and natural. We also give reductions between variants of the Code Equivalence Problem, and study the relationship between isomorphism problems on codes and linear matroids.

A sequence of recent works, concluding with Mu et al. (Eurocrypt, 2024) has shown that every problem $\Pi$ admitting a non-interactive statistical zero-knowledge proof (NISZK) has an efficient zero-knowledge batch verification protocol. Namely, an NISZK protocol for proving that $x_1,\dots,x_k \in \Pi$ with communication that only scales poly-logarithmically with $k$. A caveat of this line of work is that the prover runs in exponential-time, whereas for NP problems it is natural to hope to obtain a doubly-efficient proof - that is, a prover that runs in polynomial-time given the $k$ NP witnesses.

In this work we show that every problem in $NISZK \cap UP$ has a doubly-efficient interactive statistical zero-knowledge proof with communication $poly(n,\log(k))$ and $poly(\log(k),\log(n))$ rounds. The prover runs in time $poly(n,k)$ given access to the $k$ UP witnesses. Here $n$ denotes the length of each individual input, and UP is the subclass of NP relations in which YES instances have unique witnesses.

This result yields doubly-efficient statistical zero-knowledge batch verification protocols for a variety of concrete and central cryptographic problems from the literature.

A private information retrieval (PIR) protocol allows a client to fetch any entry from single or multiple servers who hold a public database (of size $n$) while ensuring no server learns any information about the client's query. Initial works on PIR were focused on reducing the communication complexity of PIR schemes. However, standard PIR protocols are often impractical to use in applications involving large databases, due to its inherent large server-side computation complexity, that's at least linear in the database size. Hence, a line of research has focused on considering alternative PIR models that can achieve improved server complexity. The model of private information retrieval with client prepossessing has received a lot of interest beginning with the work due to Corrigan-Gibbs and Kogan (Eurocrypt 2020). In this model, the client interacts with two servers in an offline phase and it stores a local state, which it uses in the online phase to perform PIR queries. Constructions in this model achieve online client/server computation and bandwidth that's sublinear in the database size, at the cost of a one-time expensive offline phase. Till date all known constructions in this model are based on symmetric key primitives or on stronger public key assumptions like Decisional Diffie-Hellman (DDH) and Learning with Error (LWE). This work initiates the study of unconditional PIR with client prepossessing - where we avoid using any cryptographic assumptions. We present a new PIR protocol for $2t$ servers (where $t \in [2,\log_2n/2]$) with threshold 1, where client and server online computation is $\widetilde{O}(\sqrt{n})$ (the $\widetilde{O}(.)$ notation hides $\textsf{poly}\log$ factors) - matching the computation costs of other works based on cryptographic assumptions. The client storage and online communication complexity are $\widetilde{O}(n^{0.5+1/2t})$ and $\widetilde{O}(n^{1/2})$ respectively. Compared to previous works our PIR with client preprocessing protocol also has a very concretely efficient client/server online computation phase - which is dominated by xor operations, compared to cryptographic operations that are orders of magnitude slower. As a building block for our construction, we introduce a new information-theoretic primitive called \textit{privately multi-puncturable random set }(\pprs), which might be of independent interest. This new primitive can be viewed as as a generalization of privately puncturable pseudo-random set, which is the key cryptographic building block used in previous works on PIR with client preprocessing.

Shaped prime moduli are often considered for use in elliptic curve and isogeny-based cryptography to allow for faster modular reduction. Here we focus on the most common choices for shaped primes that have been suggested, that is pseudo-Mersenne, generalized Mersenne and Montgomery-friendly primes. We consider how best to to exploit these shapes for maximum efficiency, and provide an open source tool to automatically generate, test and time working high-level language finite-field code. Next we consider the advantage to be gained from implementations that are written in assembly language and which exploit special instructions, SIMD hardware if present, and the particularities of the algorithm being implemented.

The Deuring correspondence is a correspondence between supersingular elliptic curves and quaternion orders. Under this correspondence, an isogeny between elliptic curves corresponds to a quaternion ideal. This correspondence plays an important role in isogeny-based cryptography and several algorithms to compute an isogeny corresponding to a quaternion ideal (ideal-to-isogeny algorithms) have been proposed. In particular, SQIsign is a signature scheme based on the Deuring correspondence and uses an ideal-to-isogeny algorithm. In this paper, we propose a novel ideal-to-isogeny algorithm using isogenies of dimension $2$. Our algorithm is based on Kani's reducibility theorem, which gives a connection between isogenies of dimension $1$ and $2$. By using the characteristic $p$ of the base field of the form $2^fg - 1$ for a small odd integer $g$, our algorithm works by only $2$-isogenies and $(2, 2)$-isogenies in the operations in $\mathbb{F}_{p^2}$. We apply our algorithm to SQIsign and compare the efficiency of the new algorithm with the existing one. Our analysis shows that the key generation and the signing in our algorithm are at least twice as fast as those in the existing algorithm at the NIST security level 1. This advantage becomes more significant at higher security levels. In addition, our algorithm also improves the efficiency of the verification in SQIsign.

The One-Way to Hiding (O2H) theorem, first given by Unruh (J ACM 2015) and then restated by Ambainis et al. (CRYPTO 2019), is a crucial technique for solving the reprogramming problem in the quantum random oracle model (QROM). It provides an upper bound $d\cdot\sqrt{\epsilon}$ for the distinguisher's advantage, where $d$ is the query depth and $\epsilon$ denotes the advantage of a one-wayness attacker. Later, in order to obtain a tighter upper bound, Kuchta et al. (EUROCRYPT 2020) proposed the Measure-Rewind-Measure (MRM) technique and then proved the Measure-Rewind-Measure O2H (MRM-O2H) theorem, which provides the upper bound $d\cdot\epsilon$. They also proposed an open question: Can we combine their MRM technique with Ambainis et al.'s semi-classical oracle technique (CRYPTO 2019) or Zhandry's compressed oracle technique (CRYPTO 2019) to prove a new O2H theorem with an upper bound even tighter than $d\cdot\epsilon$?

In this paper, we give an affirmative answer for the above question. We propose a new technique named Measure-Rewind-Extract (MRE) by combining the MRM technique with the semi-classical oracle technique. By using MRE technique, we prove the Measure-Rewind-Extract O2H (MRE-O2H) theorem, which provides the upper bound $\sqrt{d}\cdot\epsilon$.

As an important application of our MRE-O2H theorem, for the $FO^{\cancel{\bot}}$, $FO_m^{\cancel{\bot}}$, $FO^{\bot}$ and $FO_m^\bot$ proposed by Hofheinz et al. (TCC 2017), i.e., the key encapsulation mechanism (KEM) variants of the Fujisaki-Okamoto transformation, we prove the following results in the QROM:

Their IND-CCA security can be reduced to the IND-CPA security of the underlying public key encryption (PKE) scheme without the square-root advantage loss. In particular, compared with the IND-CCA proof of $FO^{\cancel{\bot}}$ given by Kuchta et al. (EUROCRYPT 2020), ours removes the injectivity assumption and has a tighter security bound.

Under the assumption that the underlying PKE scheme is unique randomness recoverable, we for the first time prove that their IND-CCA security can be reduced to the OW-CPA security of the underlying PKE scheme without the square-root advantage loss.

In an Instance-Hiding Interactive Proof (IHIP) [Beaver et al. CRYPTO 90], an efficient verifier with a _private_ input x interacts with an unbounded prover to determine whether x is contained in a language L. In addition to completeness and soundness, the instance-hiding property requires that the prover should not learn anything about x in the course of the interaction. Such proof systems capture natural privacy properties, and may be seen as a generalization of the influential concept of Randomized Encodings [Ishai et al. FOCS 00, Applebaum et al. FOCS 04, Agrawal et al. ICALP 15], and as a counterpart to Zero-Knowledge proofs [Goldwasser et al. STOC 89].

We investigate the properties and power of such instance-hiding proofs, and show the following: 1. Any language with an IHIP is contained in AM/poly and coAM/poly. 2. If an average-case hard language has an IHIP, then One-Way Functions exist. 3. There is an oracle with respect to which there is a language that has an IHIP but not an SZK proof. 4. IHIP's are closed under composition with any efficiently computable function.

We further study a stronger version of IHIP (that we call Strong IHIP) where the view of the honest prover can be efficiently simulated. For these, we obtain stronger versions of some of the above: 5. Any language with a Strong IHIP is contained in AM and coAM. 6. If a _worst-case_ hard language has a Strong IHIP, then One-Way Functions exist.

Over the last two decades, microarchitectural side channels have been the focus of a large body of research on the development of new attack techniques, exploiting them to attack various classes of targets and designing mitigations. One line of work focuses on increasing the speed of the attacks, achieving higher levels of temporal resolution that can allow attackers to learn finer-grained information. The most recent addition to this line of work is Prime+Scope [CCS '21], which only requires a single access to the L1 cache to confirm the absence of victim activity in a cache set. While significantly faster than prior attacks, Prime+Scope is still an order of magnitude slower than cache access. In this work, we set out to close this gap.

We draw on techniques from research into microarchitectural weird gates, software constructs that exploit transient execution to perform arbitrary computation on cache state. We design the Spec-o-Scope gate, a new weird gate that performs 10 cache probes in quick succession, which forms the basis for our eponymous attack. Our Spec-o-Scope attack achieves an order of magnitude improvement in temporal resolution compared to the previous state-of-the-art of Prime+Scope, reducing the measurement time from ~70 cycles to only 5 --- only one cycle more than an L1 cache access. We experimentally verify that our attack can detect timing differences in a 5 cycle resolution. Finally, using our Spec-o-Scope attack, we are able to show the first microarchitectural side-channel attack on an unmodified AES S-box-based implementation, which uses generic CPU features and does not require manipulation of the operating system's scheduler.

Byzantine Reliable Broadcast is one of the most popular communication primitives in distributed systems. Byzantine reliable broadcast ensures that processes agree to deliver a message from an initiator even if some processes (perhaps including the initiator) are Byzantine. In asynchronous settings it is known since the prominent work of Bracha [Bracha87] that Byzantine reliable broadcast can be implemented deterministically if $n \geq 3t+1$ where $t$ is an upper bound on the number of Byzantine processes. Here, we study Byzantine Reliable Broadcast when processes are equipped with trusted execution environments (TEEs), special software or hardware designed to prevent equivocation. Our contribution is twofold. First, we show that, despite common belief, when each process is equipped with a TEE, Bracha's algorithm still needs $n \geq 3t+1$. Second, we present a novel algorithm that uses a single TEE (at the initiator) that implements Byzantine Reliable Asynchronous Broadcast with $n \geq 2t+1$.

We introduce SQIPrime, a post-quantum digital signature scheme based on the Deuring correspondence and Kani's Lemma. Compared to its predecessors that are SQISign and especially SQISignHD, SQIPrime further expands the use of high dimensional isogenies, already in use in the verification in SQISignHD, to both key generation and commitment. In doing so, it no longer relies on smooth degree isogenies (of dimension 1). SQIPrime operates with a prime number of the form $p = 2^\alpha f-1$, as opposed to SQISignHD that uses SIDH primes.

The most intriguing novelty in SQIPrime is the use of non-smooth degree isogenies as challenge isogeny. In fact, in the SQISign family identification scheme, the challenge isogeny is computed by the verifier, who is not well-equipped to compute an isogeny of large non-smooth degree. To overcome this obstacle, the verifier samples the kernel of the challenge isogeny and the task of computing this isogeny is accomplished by the prover. The response is modified in such a way that the verifier can check that his challenge isogeny was correctly computed by the prover, on top of verifying the usual response in the SQISign family.

We describe two variants of SQIPrime: SQIPrime4D which uses dimension 4 isogenies to represent the response isogeny, and SQIPrime2D which solely uses dimension 2 isogenies to represent the response isogeny and hence is more efficient compared to SQIPrime4D and to SQISignHD.

A secret sharing scheme is a cryptographic primitive that allows a dealer to share a secret among a set of parties, so that only authorized subsets of them can recover it. The access structure of the scheme is the family of authorized subsets.

In a weighted threshold access structure, each party is assigned a weight according to its importance, and the authorized subsets are those in which the sum of their weights is at least the threshold value. For these access structures, the share size of the best known secret sharing schemes is either linear on the weights or quasipolynomial on the number of parties, which leads to long shares, in general.

In certain settings, a way to circumvent this efficiency problem is to approximate the access structure by another one that admits more efficient schemes. This work is dedicated to the open problem posed by this strategy: Finding secret sharing schemes with a good tradeoff between the efficiency and the accuracy of the approximation.

We present a method to approximate weighted threshold access structures by others that admit schemes with small shares. This method is based on the techniques for the approximation of the Chow parameters developed by De et al. [Journal of the ACM, 2014]. Our method provides secret sharing schemes with share size $n^{1+o(1)}$, where $n$ is the number of parties, and whose access structure is close to the original one. Namely, in this approximation the condition of being authorized or not is preserved for almost all subsets of parties.

In addition, applying the recent results on computational secret sharing schemes by Applebaum et al. [STOC, 2023] we show that there exist computational secret sharing schemes whose security is based on the RSA assumption and whose share size is polylogarithmic in the number of parties.

Isogeny-based cryptography is cryptographic schemes whose security is based on the hardness of a mathematical problem called the isogeny problem, and is attracting attention as one of the candidates for post-quantum cryptography. A representative isogeny-based cryptography is the signature scheme called SQIsign, which was submitted to the NIST PQC standardization competition. SQIsign has attracted much attention because of its very short signature and key size among the candidates for the NIST PQC standardization. Recently, a lot of new schemes have been proposed that use high-dimensional isogenies. Among them, the signature scheme called SQIsignHD has an even shorter signature size than SQIsign. However, it requires 4-dimensional isogeny computations for the signature verification.

In this paper, we propose a new signature scheme, SQIsign2D-East, which requires only two-dimensional isogeny computations for verification, thus reducing the computational cost of verification. First, we generalized an algorithm called RandIsogImg, which computes a random isogeny of non-smooth degree. Then, by using this generalized RandIsogImg, we construct a new signature scheme SQIsign2D-East.

Byzantine broadcast is one of the fundamental problems in distributed computing. Many of its practical applications, from multiparty computation to consensus mechanisms for blockchains, require increasingly weaker trust assumptions, as well as scalability for an ever-growing number of users $n$. This rules out existing solutions which run in a linear number of rounds in $n$ or rely on trusted setup requirements. In this paper, we propose the first sublinear-round and trustless Byzantine broadcast protocol for the dishonest majority setting. Unlike previous sublinear-round protocols, our protocol assumes neither the existence of a trusted dealer who honestly issues keys and correlated random strings to the parties nor random oracles. Instead, we present a solution whose setup is limited to an unstructured uniform reference string and a plain public key infrastructure (a.k.a. bulletin-board PKI). Our broadcast protocol builds on top of a moderated gradecast protocol which parties can use to reach weak agreement on shared random strings. Using these strings, we can then run in an unbiased fashion a committee-based Byzantine protocol, similar to that of Chan et al. (PKC 2020), which terminates in a sublinear number of rounds. To this end, we propose a novel construction for committee election, which does not rely either on random oracles or on a trusted setup, and uses NIZKs and time-lock puzzles. Our protocol is resilient against an adaptive adversary who corrupts any constant fraction of parties.

The assumption that certain computations inherently require some sequential time has established itself as a powerful tool for cryptography. It allows for security and liveness guarantees in distributed protocols that are impossible to achieve with classical hardness assumptions. Unfortunately, many constructions from the realm of time-based cryptography are based on new and poorly understood hardness assumptions, which tend not to stand the test of time (cf. Leurent et al. 2023, Peikert & Tang 2023). In this work, we make progress on several fronts. We formally define the concept of a delay function and present a construction thereof from minimal assumptions. We show that these functions, in combination with classical cryptographic objects that satisfy certain efficiency criteria, would allow for constructing delay encryption, which is otherwise only known to exist based on a new hardness assumption about isogenies. We formally define randomness beacons as they are used in the context of blockchains, and we show that (linearly homomorphic) time-lock puzzles allow for efficiently constructing them. Finally, we resolve an open question of Malavolta and Thyagarajan by constructing fully homomorphic time- lock puzzles from linearly homomorphic time-lock puzzles and multi-key fully homomorphic encryption, whereas their previous construction required indistinguishability obfuscation. Our work puts time-based cryptography on a firmer theoretical footing, provides new constructions from simpler assumptions, and opens new avenues for constructing delay encryption.

Verifying the verifier in the context of zero-knowledge proof is an essential part of ensuring the long-term integrity of the zero-knowledge ecosystem. This is vital for both zero-knowledge rollups and also other industrial applications of ZK. In addition to further minimizing the required trust and reducing the trusted computing base (TCB), having a verified verifier opens the door to decentralized proof generation by potentially untrusted parties. We outline a research program and justify the need for more work at the intersection of ZK and formal verification research.

We are proud to announce the winners of the 2024 IACR Test-of-Time Award for Eurocrypt. The IACR Test-of-Time Award honors papers published at the 3 IACR flagship conferences 15 years ago which have had a lasting impact on the field. We are announcing the winners for each conference separately.

The Test-of-Time award for Eurocrypt 2009 is awarded to the following paper:

A Unified Framework for the Analysis of Side-Channel Key Recovery Attacks, by François-Xavier Standaert, Tal G. Malkin and Moti Yung.
For introducing a structured approach for evaluation of side-channel attacks and countermeasures and for inspiring further connections between the theory of leakage-resilient cryptography and the practice of defending implementations against side-channels attacks.

For more information, see https://www.iacr.org/testoftime.

Congratulations to the winners!

Are you committed to research-based education? Do you want to teach the next generation of security and network engineers, and perform cutting-edge research in IT security and/or computer networks? The Multiscale Networked Systems (MNS) and Complex Cyber Infrastructure (CCI) research groups of the University of Amsterdam are looking for an Assistant Professor in distributed systems and software engineering, with a strong profile in research and teaching, and a strong commitment to academic education. See link for full description

Closing date for applications:

Contact: dr. Zhiming Zhao

More information: https://vacatures.uva.nl/UvA/job/Assistant-Professor-in-Security-and-Network-Engineering-%2850-teaching%29/794986702/