Fully Homomorphic
Encryption without Modulus Switching from Classical GapSVP
Zvika Brakerski (
Abstract:
We present a new tensoring technique for LWE-based
fully homomorphic encryption. While in all previous
works, the ciphertext noise grows quadratically ($B \to B^2\cdot\poly(n)$)
with every multiplication (before “refreshing”), our noise only
grows linearly ($B \to B\cdot\poly(n)$).
We use this technique to construct a scale-invariant fully homomorphic
encryption scheme, whose properties only depend on the ratio between the
modulus $q$ and the initial noise level $B$, and not on their absolute
values.
Our scheme has a number of advantages over previous candidates: It uses the
same modulus throughout the evaluation process (no need for “modulus
switching”), and this modulus can take arbitrary form. In addition,
security can be classically reduced
to the worst-case hardness of the GapSVP problem
(with quasi-polynomial approximation factor), whereas previous constructions
could only exhibit a quantum reduction to GapSVP.