International Association
for Cryptologic Research

This paper describes the forensic analysis of what the authors believe to be the most sophisticated smart card fraud encountered to date. In 2010, Murdoch et al. [7] described a man-in-the-middle attack against EMV cards. [7] demonstrated the attack using a general purpose FPGA board, noting that \"miniaturization is mostly a mechanical challenge, and well within the expertise of criminal gangs\". This indeed happened in 2011, when about 40 sophisticated card forgeries surfaced in the field.

These forgeries are remarkable in that they embed two chips wired top-to-tail. The first chip is clipped from a genuine stolen card. The second chip plays the role of the man-in-the-middle and

communicates directly with the point of sale (PoS) terminal. The entire assembly is embedded in the plastic body of yet another stolen card.

The forensic analysis relied on X-ray chip imaging, side-channel analysis, protocol analysis, and microscopic optical inspections.