Artifact: Sharing the Mask: TFHE Bootstrapping on Packed Messages

Description

This artifact contains source files to reproduce the benchmarks and security estimates of the paper entitled Sharing the Mask: TFHE Bootstrapping on Packed Messages.

Source Files and Benchmarks

In what follows, we provide instructions on how to run the benchmarks from the paper.
This allows users to reproduce the experimental results presented in Table 3 and Table 4.
The implementation extends the TFHE-rs library (v1.3.0).
Source files related to the implementation of the "Common Mask" technique are prefixed by cm_, and can be found here in tfhe/src/core_crypto/algorithms/ and tfhe/src/core_crypto/entities/.

Security estimates of the parameter sets

We provide a script to reproduce the security estimates of the parameter sets (Tables 8-13) based on the lattice-estimator. This gives the security evaluations regarding the attacks usvp, bdd, dual, dual-hybrid and bdd-hybrid (as displayed on Table 13), but for all parameter sets.
In the paper, except in the Table 13, only the minimum value among all the evaluations is given as an output.
The script called estimates.py is in the security_estimates folder.

Benchmarks

Setup and Dependencies

Tested on Linux and macOS with Rust version ≥ 1.85 (we recommend installing Rust via rustup, as rustup is required later by the provided Makefile).
The complete list of dependencies and a guide on how to install TFHE-rs can be found in the online documentation here or in the local file here.

How to run benchmarks

At the root of the project (i.e., in the TFHE-rs folder), enter the following commands to run the benchmarks:

• make bench_common_mask_bootstrapping: this outputs the latency related to the CM bootstrapping for all precision, number of bodies and failure probabilities used in the paper;
• make bench_bootstrapping: this outputs the latency related to the reference bootstrapping for all precision and failure probabilities used in the paper.

The benchmark files are in tfhe-benchmark/benches/core_crypto/cm_bench.rs (for the ones related to the common mask bootstrapping) and tfhe-benchmark/benches/shortint/standard_ap.rs (for the ones related to the usual bootstrapping).

WARNING: Benchmarks were executed on an AWS hpc7a.96xlarge instance equipped with an AMD EPYC 9R14 CPU @ 2.60GHz and 740 GB of memory.
To prevent potential crashes due to memory limitations, parameter sets involving large precision and/or high sample counts are disabled by default.

To Enable All Benchmarks:

• For pfail < 2^{-64}, uncomment lines [23–29]
• For pfail < 2^{-128}, uncomment lines [48–54]

Sample Output Structure

A typical benchmark result looks like this:

Common Mask Benchmarks/KS-PBS_p=2_pfail=2-64
                  time:   [9.6238 ms 9.6390 ms 9.6688 ms]
Found 1 outliers among 10 measurements (10.00%)
  1 (10.00%) high mild

Here's what this means:

The first line indicates the operation whose the latency is measured. The legends are:
{Operations}_p={Precision}_w={Number of Slots}__pfail={Failure Probability}, for the CM-based bootstrapping;
{Operations}_p={Precision}_pfail={Failure Probability}, for the reference bootstrapping.

Examples:

• KS->PBS_p=2_pfail=2-64 means that this benchmark is measuring the latency of a KS->PBS i.e., a keyswitch followed by a bootstrapping, with the precision p=2 and a failure probability p_fail=2^{-64}.
• KS->CM-PBS_p=2_w=2_pfail=2-64 means that this benchmark is measuring the latency of a CM-KS->CM-PBS i.e., a CM-based keyswitch followed by a CM-based bootstrapping, with the precision p=2, two slots w=2 and a failure probability p_fail=2^{-64}.

Understanding Benchmark Output (Criterion.rs)

This project uses Criterion.rs for benchmarking. Criterion is a powerful and statistically robust benchmarking framework for Rust, and it may produce outputs that are unfamiliar at first glance. Here is a short explanation:

• time: [low est. median high est.]: The estimated execution time of the function.
• change: The performance change compared to a previous run (if available).
• outliers: Some runs deviated from the typical time. Criterion detects and accounts for these using statistical methods.

---

Common Warnings and What They Mean

Found X outliers among Y measurements

Criterion runs each benchmark many times (default: 100) to get statistically significant results.
An outlier is a run that was significantly faster or slower than the others.

• Why does this happen? Often, it's due to other processes on the machine (e.g., background services, OS interrupts, or CPU scheduling) affecting performance temporarily.
• Why it doesn't invalidate results: Criterion uses statistical techniques to minimize the impact of these outliers when estimating performance.
• Best practice to reduce outliers: Run the benchmarks on a freshly rebooted machine, with as few background processes as possible. Ideally, let the system idle for a minute after boot to stabilize before running benchmarks.

Unable to complete 100 samples in 5.0s.

The benchmark took longer than the expected 5 seconds.
This is merely a warning indicating that the full set of 100 samples could not be collected within the default 5-second measurement window.

• No action is required: Criterion will still proceed to run all 100 samples, and the results remain statistically valid.
• Why the warning appears: It's there to inform you that benchmarking is taking longer than expected and to help you tune settings if needed.
• Optional: If you're constrained by time (e.g., running in CI), you can:
  • Reduce the sample size (e.g., to 10 or 20 samples).
  • Or increase the measurement time using:
    bash cargo bench -- --measurement-time 30

How to run the tests

To run the correctness tests, use the following command: make test_common_mask at the root of the project.
These could be useful to get minimal examples of the code without the benchmark overlay.
Here are the main tests:

• Computing a keyswitch: tfhe/src/core_crypto/algorithms/test/cm_lwe_keyswitch.rs
• Computing a bootstrapping: tfhe/src/core_crypto/algorithms/test/cm_lwe_programmable_bootstrapping.rs
• Computing compression: tfhe/src/core_crypto/algorithms/test/cm_lwe_compression.rs

Running these tests should output a green ok.

WARNING: Tests were executed on an AWS hpc7a.96xlarge instance equipped with an AMD EPYC 9R14 CPU @ 2.60GHz and 740 GB of memory.
To prevent potential crashes due to memory limitations, parameter sets involving large precision and/or high sample counts are disabled by default.

To Enable more tests:
In the file ./tfhe/src/core_crypto/algorithms/cm-params.rs:

• For pfail < 2^{-64}, uncomment lines [223–229] and update the number of items in line 209;
• For pfail < 2^{-128}, uncomment lines [246–252] and update the number of items in line 232;

Security Estimates

Setup and Dependencies

To run the script, you need to:

• Install SageMath version >= 9.3 (see installation instructions in here)
• Clone the lattice estimator repository from here into the security_estimates folder, i.e.:

  cd security_estimates/
  git clone https://github.com/malb/lattice-estimator.git

This has been tested with the commit 5ba00f5.

How to run the security scripts

From the security_estimates folder, you just have to run sage estimates.py from the lattice estimator folder.
The first print from the script appears after ~30s.

By default, the script is going to estimate the security for all parameter sets but this takes several hours to run. If only table X has to be reproduced, it is possible to comment all the last lines of the script (estimates.py, L277-281) except print_table_X(where X refers to the table number from paper).

Sample Output Structure

A typical output from the script is:

TABLE 8
[(LWEParameters(n=790, q=18446744073709551616, Xs=D(σ=0.50, μ=0.50), Xe=D(σ=140010787519455.50), m=+Infinity, tag=None), [('dual_hybrid', 131.99795566989317), ('usvp', 139.31328486797534), ('dual', 143.72739944730603), ('bdd', 154.85610718083302), ('bdd_hybrid', 348.98671493681695)])]

Here's what this means:

By splitting in several parts:

• LWEParameters(n=790, q=18446744073709551616, Xs=D(σ=0.50, μ=0.50), Xe=D(σ=140010787519455.50), m=+Infinity, tag=None): this gives the evaluated parameter sets, the lattice dimension n=790, the modulus q=18446744073709551616, the secret key distribution Xs=D(σ=0.50, μ=0.50) (i.e., binary in this case), the error variance of a centered Gaussian distribution Xe=D(σ=140010787519455.50), the number of samples m=+Infinity;
• [('dual_hybrid', 131.99795566989317), ('usvp', 139.31328486797534), ('dual', 143.72739944730603), ('bdd', 154.85610718083302), ('bdd_hybrid', 348.98671493681695)])]: each tuple gives the considered attack and the logarithm of the attack cost, e.g., for the dual_hybrid, the security estimation is 131.99795566989317 bits.